[PeterAllen]

It’s more than three decades since I ‘played’ with cars or did any real hands-on engineering and now that I’m starting the final assembly of my kit car I’ve become aware that all the components I salvaged from the donor car (’05 GM product) were secured without spring washers. All appear to have flat washers integrated with the bolt head or nut – which I assume expedites assembly but I’m wondering what’s happened to the humble spring washer and what in the design of current fasteners compensates for their function.