The costs for VW are going to be massive. I have seen numbers ranging up to US$86 billion (
http://www.cnet.com/news/report-vw-s...horizon-spill/), and those numbers don't include the impact of class action lawsuits - many of which have already been filed. OTOH, the fear owners of a major negative impact to resale value of this debacle seem to have been over-blown - with some indication resale prices for TDI VWs have actually gone up (
http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/01/volks...ty-online.html). Perhaps they're speculating on the possibility VW may have to replace some of the cars, nor repair or alter them.